Public Broadcasting Service in the United Kingdom: Policy Change and Europeanization (1979-2010)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24965/gapp.v0i6.9945Keywords:
Public service broadcasting television, policy change, European integration dynamics, europeanization, United Kingdom, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)Abstract
Considering the weight of history –i.e. policy continuity and stability– this article analyses change of public service broadcasting (PSB) policies in European political systems. This analysis focuses on PSB television policies implemented by the BBC. The United Kingdom’s case is relevant because the BBC is a global paradigm of PSB independence and self-regulation and it has been traditionally a model and engine for PSB television policy change in both European Union Member States and the global sphere. An original combination of theories and concepts for change analysis within the predecision stage of the policy-making process –problem definition and agenda-setting processes–, along with the necessary introduction of the europeanization of public policy approach as a methodological challenge to the study of change, let us complete British political system dynamics from 1979 to 2010. This research period has been selected because the BBC public service broadcasting has experienced the deepest changes in history, including those where the European integration process could have had an impact.
Downloads
References
Albæk, E., Green-Pedersen, C. y Nielsen, L.B. (2004), “Making tobacco consumption a political issue in the United States and Denmark: The dynamics of issue expansion in comparative perspective”, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 9(1): 1-20.
Alberts, D.S. y Papp, D.S. (1997), The Information Age: An Anthology on Its Impact and Consequences. Washington: CCRP Publication Series.
Bachrach, P., y Baratz M.S. (1962), “Two Faces of Power”, The American Political Science Review, 56(4): 947-952.
Barzelay, M. y Gallego, R. (2006), “From New Institutionalism to Institutional Processualism: Advancing Knowledge about Public Management Policy Change”, Governance, 19(4): 531-557.
Baumgartner, F.R., Green-Pedersen, C. y Jones, B.D. (1994), “Attention, Boundary Effects, and Large-Scale Policy Change in Air Transportation Policy, en D.A. Rochefort y R.W. Cobb, eds., The Politics of Problem Definition: shaping the policy agenda. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Baumgartner, F.R., Green-Pedersen, C. y Jones, B.D. (2006), Comparative Studies of Policy Agendas. Londres: Routledge.
Baumgartner, F.R. y Jones, B.D. (1993), Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
British Broadcasting Corporation - BBC (1992), Extending Choice: The BBC’s role in the New Broadcasting Age. Londres: BBC.
Broadcasting Act (1990), Londres: Stationary Office.
Broadcasting Act (1996), Londres: Stationary Office.
Blumler, J. (1993), “The British Approach to Public Service Broadcasting: from confidence to uncertainty”, en R.K. Avery, ed., Public Service Broadcasting in a Multichannel Environment. Nueva York/Londres: Longman.
Blumler, J. (1992), Television and the public interest: vulnerable values in West European Broadcasting. Londres: Sage.
Blyth, M. (2002), Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institucional Change in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bosanquet, N., (1983), After the New Right. Londres: Heinemann.
Bosanquet, N. (1981), “Sir Keith’s reading list”, Political Quarterly, 52: 324-341.
Börzel, T.A. (2005), “How the European Union interacts with its Member States”, en C. Lequesne, ed., Member States and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Börzel, T.A. (1999), “Towards Convergence in Europe? Institutional Adaptation to Europeanization in Germany and Spain”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 37(4): 573-596.
Buller, J. y Gamble, A. (2002), “Conceptualising Europeanisation”, Public Policy and Administration, 17(2): 4-24.
Bulmer, S. (2009), “Politics in Time meets the Politics of Time: Historical Institutionalism and the EU Timescape”, Journal of European Public Policy, 16(2): 307-324.
Bulmer, S. y Radaelli, C.M. (2005), “The Europeanisation of public policy?”, en C. Lequesne y S. Bulmer, eds., (2005), The Member States of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Capano. G. (2003), “Administrative traditions and policy change: when policy paradigms matter. The case of Italian administrative reform during the 1990s”, Public Administration, 81(4): 781-801.
Capano, G. (1999), “Replacing the policy paradigm: higher education reforms in Italy and the United Kingdom 1979-1997. An historical-institutionalist analysis”, en D. Braun y A. Bush, eds., The power of ideas: policy ideas and policy change. Londres: Edward Elgar.
Castells, M. (2009), Communication power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (1980), “Commission Directive 80/723/EEC on the transparency of financial relations between Member States and public undertakings”, Official Journal of the European Communities. L 195, 29:35-37.
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2000), Commission Communication on the Services of General Interest in Europe. COM (2000) 590 final.
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2000), “Commission Directive 2000/52/EC amending Directive 80/723/EEC (1980) on the transparency of financial relations between Member States and public undertakings”, Official Journal of the European Communities. L 193: 0075-0078.
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2001), Communication Commission on the application of state aid rules to public service broadcasting. C 320.
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2005), State aid action plan - Less and better targeted state aid: a roadmap for state aid reform 2005-2009 (Consultation document) {SEC(2005) 795}. (COM/2005/0107 final).
Cobb, R.W. y Elder, C.D. (1975), Participation in American Politics. The Dynamics of Agenda-Building. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press.
Cockett, R. (1995), Thinking the Unthinkable: Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution. 1931-1983. Londres: HarperCollins Publishers.
Corbett, A. (2005), Universities and the Europe of Knowledge. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Communications Act (2003). Londres: Stationary Office.
Curran, J. y Seaton, J. (1997), Power without reponsibility: the press and broadcasting in Britain. Londres: Routledge.
March, J. G., y Olsen, J. P. (1972). “A garbage can model of organizational choice”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(1): 1-25.
Considine M. (1998), “Agenda setting in a parliamentary system”, Governance, 11: 297-317.
Coughlin, J. (1994), “The Tragedy of the Concrete Commons: Defining Traffic Congestion as a Public Problem”, en D.A. Rochefort y R.W. Cobb, eds., The Politics of Problem Definition: shaping the policy agenda. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Dahl, R. (1989), Democracy and its critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dahlgren, P. (2001), Television and the public sphere: citizenship, democracy and the media. Londres: Sage.
DCMS (1994), The Future of the BBC, Serving the Nation Competing world-wide. Londres: HSMO.
DCMS (1998), Television Licence Fee Will Rise According to Five Year Formula. Londres: Stationery Office.
DCMS, Press Release 310/98, Londres: Stationary Office, 15 de diciembre de 1998.
Deloitte (2009), The Deloitte State of Media Democracy survey. Londres: Deloitte.
Dimitrakopoulos, G. (2001), “Incrementalism and Path Dependence: European Integration And Institutional Change in National Parliaments”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 39(I).3: 405-422.
Department of National Heritage - DNH (1992), The Future of the BBC: A consultation Document, Londres: HSMO.
Department of National Heritage - DNH (1994), The future of the BBC: serving the nation, competing-worldwide. Londres: HSMO.
Dery, D. (2000), “Agenda setting and problem definition”, Policy Studies, 21(1): 37-47.
Dolowitz, D. y Marsh, D. (2000), “Learning from abroad: the role of policy transfer in contemporary policy making”, Governance, 13(1): 5 - 23.
DTI/DCMS, A New Future for Communications, White Paper. Londres: Stationery Office, 12 de diciembre del 2000.
Dür, A. y Mateo González, G. (2004), «¿Más hombres ciegos y más elefantes? Una revisión de la literatura más reciente sobre la integración europea». Working Paper, 233. Barcelona: Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials. En línea: http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/worpap/2004/hdl_2072_1224/ICPS233.pdf (consulta: 2 de febrero de 2005).
Dyson, K. (1980), The state tradition in Western Europe. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
EC (Comunidades Europeas) (1997), Treaty of Amsterdam.
EC (Comunidades Europeas), Diario Oficial C 320, 15 de noviembre de 2001.
European Court of Justice, Altmark, case C-280/00, julio de 2003.
Etzioni-Halevy, E. (1985), Bureaucracy and Democracy. A political dilemma. Londres: Routledge/Kegan Paul.
Farnham, D. y Horton, S. (1996), Managing People in the New Public Services. Londres: Macmillan.
Featherstone, K. y Radaelli, C.M., eds. (2003), The Politics of Europeanisation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Flathaman, R.E. (1966), The public interest: an essay concerning the normative discourse of politics. Londres: John Wiley.
Foster, R., Egan J. y Simon J. (2004), “Measuring Public Service Broadcasting”, en D. Tambini y J. Cowling, eds., From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communiactions. Londres: IPPR.
Gersick, C.J.G. (1991), “Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multilevel Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm”, The Academy of Management Review, 16(1): 10–36.
Green Cowles, M. y Risse, T. (2001), “Transforming Europe: Conclusions”, en M. Green Cowles, J. Caporase y T. Risse, eds., Transforming Europe - Europeanization and Domestic Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Green-Pedersen, C. (2007), “The Conflicts of Conflicts in Comparative Perspective. Euthanasia as a political issue in Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands”. Comparative Politics, 39(3): 273-291.
Greener, I. (2005), “The potential of path dependence in political studies”, Politics 25(1): 62-72.
Goetz, K. y Hix, S. (2001), Europeanised Politics? European Integration and National Political Systems. Londres: Frank Cass.
Goodwin, P. (1998), Television under the Tories: broadcasting Policy 1979-1997. Londres: British Film Institute (BFI).
Habermas, J. (2002), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hall, P. (1993), “Policy Paradigms, social learning, and the state”, Comparative Politics, 25(3): 275-296.
Hall, P. (1989), The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Hall, P. (1986), Governing the Economy: the Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hall, S., “New Labour has picked up where Thatcherism left off’, en The Guardian, 6 de agosto de 2003.
Héritier A., Kerwer, D., Knill, C., Lehmkuhl, D., Teutsch, M. y Douillet, A.C. (2001), Differential Europe: The European Union Impact on National Policy-making. Oxford: Rowan.
Baldwin, R. y Cave, M. (1999), Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hirst, P. y Thomson, G. (1996), Globalisation in question. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Haas, P.M. (1992), “Epistemic communities and international policy coordination”. International Organization, 46(1): 1-35.
Hood, C. (1999), Regulation Inside Government: Waste-Watchers, Quality Police, and Sleaze-Busters. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hood, C. (1994), Explaining Economic Policy reversals. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Hood, C. (1991), “A public management for all seasons”, Public Administration, 69(1): 3-19.
Humphreys, P. (2000), “New Labour Policies for the Media and the Arts”, en D. Coates y P. Lawler, eds., New Labour in Power. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Humphreys, P. (1996), Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Irondelle, B. (2003), “Europeanization without the European Union? French military reforms 1991-96”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10(2): 208-226.
Jenson, J. (1989), “Paradigms and the political discourse: protective legislation in France and the United States before 1914”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, XXII(2): 235-256.
Jordan, B., Strath, B. y Triandafyllidou, A. (2003), “From Guardians to Managers: Immigration Policy Implementation in Europe”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29(2): 195-224.
Jordana J. y Levi-Faur, D. (2004), The politics of regulation: institutions and regulatory reforms for the age of governance. Londres: Edward Elgar.
Kingdon, J.W. (1995), Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: HarperCollins College Publishers.
Kroes, N. (2005), “EC state aid control: the case for reform”, GCR, 8(6): 37-38.
Kuhn, T. (1970), La estructura de las revoluciones científicas. México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Majone, G. (2001), “Políticas Públicas y Administración: Ideas, Intereses e Instituciones”, en M. Goodin y H.D. Klingemann, eds., Nuevo Manual de Ciencia Política. Tomo II. Madrid: Ediciones Istmo.
March, J.G. y Olsen, J.P. (1989), Rediscovering Institutions: the organizational basis of politics. Nueva York: The Free Press.
Maynar Hutchins, R. (1947), The Commission on Freedom of the Press. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
McCombs, M. y Shaw, D. (1972), “The agenda-setting function of mass media”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 36: 176-187.
Meijerink, S. (2005), “Understanding policy stability and change. The interplay of advocacy coalitions and epistemic communities, windows of opportunity, and Dutch coastal flooding policy 1945-2003”, Journal of European Public Policy, 12(6): 1060-1077.
Mucciaroni, G. (1994), “Problem Definition and Special Interest Politics in Tax Policy and Agriculture”, en Rochefort, D.A. y Cobb R.W. (1994), The Politics of Problem Definition: shaping the policy agenda. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Muñoz Saldaña, M. (2007), “Las exigencias básicas de la regulación comunitaria respecto de la configuración jurídica de las televisiones públicas europeas”, en A. Azurmendi, La reforma de la televisión pública española. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
Negrine, R. (1985), Cable television and the future of broadcasting. Kent: Croom Helm Ltd.
Olsen, J. (1996), “Europeanization and Nation-State Dynamics”, en S. Gustavsson y L. Lewin, eds., The Future of the Nation State. Londres: Routledge.
Peacock, A. (1986), Report of the Committee on Financing the BBC. Londres: HSMO.
Pierson, P. (2004), Politics in Time. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pierson, P. (2000), “Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics”, American Political Science Review, 94(2): 251-274.
Pierson, P. (1996), “The Path to European Integration”, Comparative Political Studies, 29(2): 123-163.
Pierson, P. y Skocpol, T. (2002), “Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science”, en I. Katznelson y H.V. Milner, eds., Political Science: State of the Discipline. Nueva York: W.W. Norton.
Peters, B.G. (2001), “Agenda-Setting in the European Union”, en J. Richardson, ed., European Union, Power and Policy Making. Londres: Routledge.
Peters, B.G. (1994), “Agenda-Setting in the European community”, Journal of European Public Policy, 1(1): 9-26.
Pollack, M. (1997), “Delegation, agency, and agenda-setting in the European Community”, International Organization, 51(1): 99–134.
Princen, S. (2007), “Agenda-setting in the European Union: a theoretical exploration and agenda for research”, Journal of European Public Policy, 14(1): 21-38(18).
Princen, S. y Rhinard, M. (2006), “Crashing and creeping: agenda-setting dynamics in the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy 13(7): 1119-1132.
Radaelli, C.M. (2008), ‘Europeanization, Policy Learning, and New Modes of Governance’, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 10(3): 239-254.
Radaelli, C.M. (2005), “Europeanization: Solution or Problem”, en M. Cine y A. Bourne, eds., The Palgrave Guide to European Studies. Londres: Palgrave.
Radaelli, C.M. (2003), “The Europeanization of Public Policy”, en K. Featherstone y C.M. Radaelli, eds., The Politics of Europeanisation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Radaelli C.M. (2002), “The domestic impact of European Union public policy: notes on concepts, methods, and the challenge of empirical research”, Politique européenne, 5: 105-136.
Radaelli, C.M. y Saurugger, S. (2008), “The Europeanization of Public Policy in Comparative Perspective”, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, edición especial, 10(3).
Rein, M. y Schön, D. (1994), Frame Reflection. Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Rhodes, R.A.W. (1994), “The hollowing out of the State: The changing nature of the public service in Britain”, Political Quarterly, 65(2): 138-151.
Richardson, J., ed., (2001), European Union: Power and Policy-making. Londres: Routledge.
Richardson, J. (2000), “Government, Interest Groups and Policy Change”, Political Studies, 48: 1006 - 1025.
Rochefort, D.A. y Cobb R.W. (1994), The Politics of Problem Definition: shaping the policy agenda. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Rochefort, D.A. y Cobb, R.W. (1994a), “Instrumental versus Expressive Definitions of AIDS Policymaking”, en D.A. Rochefort y R.W. Cobb, The Politics of Problem Definition: shaping the policy agenda. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Sabatier, P.A. (2007), Theories of the policy process. Londres: Westview Press.
Sabatier, P.A. (1999), “The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment”, en P.A. Sabatier, Theories of the policy process. Boulder: Westview Press.
Sabatier, P.A. (1998), “The advocacy coalition framework: revisions and relevance for Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 5(1): 98-130.
Sabatier, P.A. y Jenkins-Smith H.C., eds., (1993), Policy change and learning. An advocacy coalition approach. Boulder: Westview Press.
Sartori, G. (2008), Homo videns. La sociedad teledirigida. Madrid: Taurus.
Schattschneider, E.E. (1960), The Semisovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. Nueva York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Seymur-Ure, C. (1997), The British Press and Broadcasting since 1945. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Soroka, S. (2007), “Agenda-setting and Issue Definition”, en M. Orsini y M. Smith, Reconfiguring Policy Analysis: Contemporary Canadian Approaches. Columbia: University of British Columbia Press.
Stone, D.A. (1989), “Casual stories and the formation of policy agendas”, Political Science Quarterly, 104: 281-300.
SustainAbility (2002), Good News and Bad - The Media, Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. En línea http://www.sustainability.com/library/good-news-bad (consulta: 2 de marzo de 2003).
Tallberg, J. (2003), “The agenda-shaping powers of the EU Council Presidency”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10(1): 1–19.
True, J., Jones, L., Bryan, D. y Baumgartner, F.R. (1999), “Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory Explaining Stability and Change in Public Policymaking”, en P.A. Sabatier, ed., Theories of the policy process. Londres: Westview Press.
Weiss, J.A. (1989), “The powers of problem definition: the case of government paperwork”, Policy Sciences, 22: 97-121.
Zahariadis, N. (2007), “The Multiple Streams Framework: Structure, Limitations, Prospects”, en P.A. Sabatier, Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder: Westview Press.